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"Dapper", "Edgy", "Feisty", "Gutsy" and "Warty" redirect here. For the adjectives, see Dapper, Edgy, Feisty, Gutsy and Warty, respectively.
For other uses, see Ubuntu (disambiguation).
Ubuntu
Ubuntu logo
Ubuntu 8.04 (code name: "Hardy Heron") desktop
DeveloperCanonical Ltd. / Ubuntu Foundation
OS familyLinux
Working stateCurrent/Stable
Source modelFree and open source software
Initial releaseOctober 20, 2004 (2004-10-20)
Latest release8.04 LTS (a.k.a Hardy Heron) / April 24, 2008 (2008-04-24)
Repository
Available inMultilingual (more than 55)
Update methodAPT
Package managerdpkg
Platformsi386, AMD64, IA-64, UltraSPARC [1], PowerPC [2]
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux)
Default
user interface		GNOME, KDE (see Kubuntu), XFCE (see Xubuntu)
LicenseVarious, primarily GPL and GFDL
Official websitewww.ubuntu.com

Ubuntu (IPA: [uːˈbuːntuː] in English,[3] [ùbúntú] in Zulu) is a Linux distribution for desktops, laptops, and servers. It has consistently been rated among the most popular of the many Linux distributions.[4][5][6][7] Ubuntu's goals include providing an up-to-date yet stable operating system for the average user and having a strong focus on usability and ease of installation. It is a derivative of Debian. Ubuntu is sponsored by Canonical Ltd, owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. The name of the distribution comes from the African concept of ubuntu which may be rendered roughly as "humanity toward others", "we are people because of other people", or "I am who I am because of who we all are", though other meanings have been suggested.[8] This Linux distribution is named as such to bring the spirit of the philosophy to the software world. Ubuntu is free software and can be shared by any number of users.

Kubuntu and Xubuntu are official subprojects of the Ubuntu project, aiming to bring the KDE and Xfce desktop environments, respectively, to the Ubuntu core (by default Ubuntu uses GNOME for its desktop environment). Edubuntu is an official subproject designed for school environments, and should be equally suitable for children to use at home.[9] Gobuntu is an official subproject that is aimed at adhering strictly to the Free Software Foundation's Four Freedoms.[10] The newest official subproject is JeOS. Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced "Juice") is a concept for what an operating system should look like in the context of a virtual appliance.[11]

Ubuntu releases new versions every six months, and supports those releases for 18 months with daily security fixes and patches to critical bugs. LTS (Long Term Support) releases are supported for 3 years for desktops and 5 years for servers. The most recent version, Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron), was released on 24 April 2008. The next major version will be 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex), scheduled for release in October 2008.[12]

History and development process

Ubuntu's first release was on October 20, 2004, which began by making a temporary fork of the Debian project.[13] This was done so that a new version of Ubuntu could be released every six months,[14] resulting in a more frequently updated system. Ubuntu releases always include the most recent GNOME release, and are scheduled to be released about a month after GNOME.[15] In contrast with previous general-purpose forks of Debian—such as MEPIS, Xandros, Linspire, Progeny and Libranet, many of which relied on proprietary and closed source add-ons as part of their business model—Ubuntu has stayed closer to Debian's philosophy and uses free (libre) software most of the time.[16]

The Ubuntu logo and typography has remained the same since that first release. The hand-drawn,[17] lowercase OpenType font used is called Ubuntu-Title and was created by Andy Fitzsimon.[18] The font is distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) and use with logos derived from the Ubuntu logo is encouraged.[18] The font is available as a package for Ubuntu.[18]

Ubuntu packages have generally been based on packages from Debian's unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's deb package format and APT/Synaptic to manage installed packages.

Ubuntu cooperates with Debian—to some extent pushing changes back to Debian,[13] although there has been criticism that this is not happening enough[19] and Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other.[20] Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian itself. However, Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, criticized Ubuntu for incompatibilities between its packages and those of Debian, saying that Ubuntu had diverged too far from Debian Sarge to remain compatible.[19]

There are plans for a branch codenamed Grumpy Groundhog. It will be a permanently unstable development and testing branch, pulling the source directly out of the revision control of the various programs and applications that are shipped as part of Ubuntu. This will allow power users and upstream developers to test up-to-the-minute versions of individual programs as they would appear if packaged for the distribution today, without needing to build packages themselves; it will be able to provide early warning of build failures on various architectures.[21] It is intended that Grumpy Groundhog should merge with Debian Unstable every six months.[22] Grumpy Groundhog has not been made available to the public yet.

Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On July 8, 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of USD $10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu, but as of 2006, the foundation remains dormant.[citation needed] Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an emergency fund in case Canonical's involvement ends.[23]

Ubuntu 8.04, released on April 24 2008, is the current Long Term Support (LTS) release. Canonical is committed to releasing a new LTS version every two years.

Ubuntu has been described by business analysts as a viable alternative to proprietary operating systems, particularly Windows Vista and Windows XP; specifically, ease of use, stability, security, familiarity of user interface, and low cost are seen to be appealing to corporate IT managers. Enterprise IT managers are comfortable with Ubuntu's role in the data center, are underwhelmed by Windows Vista and uncomfortable with the hardware lock-in requirements and cost premium of Apple.[24]

Vendor support

Ubuntu is available pre-installed on computers from a number of different vendors, including Dell, Tesco,[25][26] and System 76. Dell and Tesco have provided this option since 2007, while System 76 has done so since its inception in November 2005.[27] Dell and System76[28] customers are able to purchase 30-day, 3-month, and 1-year support for Ubuntu through Ubuntu's parent company Canonical. Dell later increased the availability of Ubuntu-based computers by offering them for sale in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Spain, and Latin America .[29] Selected Dell machines running Ubuntu 7.10 have free and legal DVD playback capabilities using LinDVD.[30]

Features

A screenshot of Ubuntu 6.06 LTS, showing the Dawn of Ubuntu wallpaper.

Ubuntu focuses on usability,[31] including the widespread use of the sudo tool for administrative tasks.[32] The Ubiquity installer allows installing Ubuntu to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu also emphasizes accessibility and internationalization, to reach as many people as possible. Beginning with 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding. The default appearance of the user interface in the current version is called Human and is characterized by shades of brown and orange.

The most recent version of Ubuntu comes installed with the a wide range of software including: the OpenOffice.org productivity suite, the Internet browser Firefox, the instant messenger Pidgin (formerly known as Gaim), the BitTorrent client Transmission and the raster graphics editor GIMP. Several lightweight card and puzzle games are pre-installed, including Sudoku and Chess. Ubuntu has all networking ports closed by default for added security, although its firewall, which offers more fine-grained control of incoming and outgoing connections, is installed but not enabled. Ubuntu comes with the ability to perform most functions such as scanning, and even includes Optical Character Recognition software for the translation of scans to text.


Multilingual

Ubuntu is available in many languages. GNOME 2.22—the default desktop environment of Ubuntu 8.04—offers support for 46 languages.[33]

Installer

Ubiquity installer (under Xubuntu)

Ubuntu offers a fully featured set of applications that work straight from the standard install, but nonetheless fits on a single CD. The live CD allows users to see whether their hardware is compatible before installation to the hard disk. The live CD is then used to install Ubuntu using the Ubiquity installer.[34] CDs for the LTS (Long Term Support) releases are mailed free to anyone who requests them, and CD images for all versions are available for download. The Ubuntu live CD requires (for version 7.10) 256 megabytes of RAM, and once installed on the hard disk, Ubuntu needs four gigabytes of hard disk space.[35] An alternative installation disc using the standard debian-installer in text mode is available for download only, and is aimed at people with lower system specifications, computer dealers selling systems already installed with Ubuntu, and for complex partitioning including the use of LVM.[36]

With the release of Ubuntu 7.04 in April 2007, the Ubuntu installation process changed slightly. It now supports migration from Microsoft Windows.[37] The new migration tool, called Migration Assistant, imports Windows users' bookmarks, desktop background (wallpaper), and settings for immediate use in the Ubuntu installation. [38]

With Wubi, it is possible to install Ubuntu on a Windows partition, without using an ISO file. It also makes use of the migration tool which imports Windows users' configurations. Wubi was born as an independent project, as such 7.04 and 7.10 are unofficial releases. But since 8.04 the code has been merged within Ubuntu and since 8.04-alpha5, Wubi can also be found in the Ubuntu Live CD. [39]

Package classification and support

Ubuntu 8.04 CD

Ubuntu divides all software into four components,[40] to reflect differences in licensing and level of support available. Packages are assigned to components as follows:

free software non-free software
supported Main Restricted
unsupported Universe Multiverse

"Free" software here includes only that which meets the Ubuntu license requirements,[41] which correspond roughly to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There is one exception for Main however; it "also may contain binary firmware and selected fonts (which are used by free components of Main) that cannot be modified without permission from their authors" so long as their "redistribution is unencumbered."[40]

Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for very important non-free software, such as non-free device drivers, without which users might be prevented from running Ubuntu on their system, particularly binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support is more limited than for main, since the developers may not have access to the source code.

It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a general-use Linux system. Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialised applications are placed in Universe and Multiverse.

Beyond the official repositories is Ubuntu Backports,[42] which is an officially recognized project to backport newer versions of certain software that are available in later versions of Ubuntu. The repository is not comprehensive; it mostly consists of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines.

For releases which are classified as old and therefore no longer supported, users can still download installation CD/DVD's and perform package updates from old-releases.ubuntu.com. Editing /etc/apt/sources.list and replacing references to "archive.ubuntu.com" with "old-releases.ubuntu.com" should allow continued installation of packages through synaptic and apt-get on unsupported releases.

Availability of proprietary software

Ubuntu has a certification system for third party software.[43] Ubuntu-certified proprietary software should work well in Ubuntu. However, many programs familiar to users of non-free operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, are incompatible and are not Ubuntu-certified. Some proprietary software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component.

Some examples of software not distributed by Ubuntu, but that can be easily installed:

  • Software that enables the playback of region-locked[44] video DVDs, due to the questionable legal status of the Libdvdcss open-source DVD-decoding library in some parts of the world. Libdvdcss, as well as much other software that might be forbidden in certain parts of the world, is readily available for Ubuntu through the package libdvdread3.
  • Some popular proprietary web-browser plugins, such as Adobe's (formerly Macromedia's) Flash. One workaround to the specific prohibition against redistribution in the Flash EULA is the multiverse package "flashplugin-nonfree" which automatically downloads the Linux Flash plugin directly from Adobe's site and then installs it.

The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including:

Releases

Wikinews has related news:

Each release has both a code name and a version number. The version number is based on the year and month of release. For example, the very first release of Ubuntu 4.10 was released on October 20, 2004.[45] Consequently, version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed until a different month to that planned, the version number changes accordingly.

The first characters of release names form an alphabetical series. This makes it easy to recognize which release is newer if someone writes (for example) "This bug seems to be related to Gutsy rather than Feisty". Exceptions are the first few releases that should have begun with A, B, C.

Colour Meaning
Red Old release; not supported
Yellow Old release; still supported
Green Current release
Blue Future release
Version Code name Testing name Release date Supported until Features and Changes
4.10 Warty Warthog Sounder[46] 2004-10-20[47] 2006-04-30[48] Initial release; ShipIt[49]
5.04 Hoary Hedgehog Array[50] 2005-04-08[51] 2006-10-31[52] Update Manager[53]; Upgrade Notifier; readahead; grepmap; laptop suspend, hibernate and standby; dynamic frequency scaling; Ubuntu hardware database; Kickstart; installation from USB devices; UTF-8 by default; APT authentication[54]
5.10 Breezy Badger Colony 2005-10-13[55][56] 2007-04-13[57] Usplash (graphical boot sequence); Add/Remove Applications tool; menu editor, easy language selector; logical volume management support; full Hewlett-Packard printer support; OEM installer support; Launchpad integration[58]
6.06 LTS Dapper Drake Flight 2006-06-01[59][60] 2009-06 (desktops) Long Term Support (LTS) release; Live CD[61] and Install CD merged onto one disc, but it does not include a USB installer; Ubiquity graphical installer on Live CD; Usplash on shutdowns; Network Manager for easy switching of multiple wired and wireless connections; 'Humanlooks' theme implemented using Tango guidelines, based on Clearlooks and featuring orange colours instead of brown; LAMP installation option; installation to USB devices; GDebi graphical installer for package files[62][63]
2011-06 (servers)
6.10 Edgy Eft Knot 2006-10-26[64][65] 2008-04-25[66] Ubuntu 'Human' theme heavily modified; Upstart init daemon; automated crash reports (Apport); Tomboy notetaking application; F-spot photo manager; EasyUbuntu merges into Ubuntu via meta-package installs and features[67]
7.04 Feisty Fawn Herd 2007-04-19[68] 2008-10 Migration assistant; Kernel-based Virtual Machine support; easy codec and restricted drivers installation; Compiz desktop effects; Wi-Fi Protected Access support; PowerPC support dropped; Sudoku and chess games added; disk usage analyser (baobab) added; GNOME Control Center; Zeroconf for many devices[69]
7.10 Gutsy Gibbon Tribe 2007-10-18[70][71] 2009-04 Compiz Fusion by default;[72] AppArmor security framework;[73] fast desktop search;[74] fast user switching;[74] some plug-ins for Mozilla Firefox now handled by APT (Ubufox);[75] graphical configuration tool for X.org;[75] a revamped printing system with PDF printing by default;[75] full NTFS support (read/write) via NTFS-3G
8.04 LTS Hardy Heron[76] Alpha/Beta 2008-04-24[77] 2011-04 (desktops) Long Term Support (LTS) release;[78][79]; Better Tango compliance[80]; Compiz usability improvements; Tracker integration[81]; Brasero disk burner, Transmission BitTorrent client and Vinagre VNC client by default[82]; PulseAudio by default[83], integration of Rt2x00 wireless drivers[84], automatic grabbing and releasing of the mouse cursor when running on a VMware virtual machine; Wubi installer included into the disk.
2013-04 (servers)
8.10 Intrepid Ibex[12][85] Alpha/Beta 2008-10-30[86] 2010-04 Complete desktop redesign[87]; improvements to mobile computing and desktop scalability; increased flexibility for Internet connectivity ; OpenGL face browser for GDM [88];
Ubuntu 7.04 CD jackets

Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases, which are in turn about one month after releases of X.org. Consequently, every Ubuntu release comes with a newer version of both GNOME and X.

Release 6.06—and recently 8.04—have been labeled as a Long Term Support (LTS), to indicate that it will be supported with updates for three years on the desktop and five years on the server, with paid technical support available from Canonical Ltd.[89]

ShipIt

Canonical offers Ubuntu installation CDs at no cost, including postage paid for destinations anywhere in the world, via a service called ShipIt:[90] after a request for CDs is made at the site and approved, disks are sent to the user's postal address in the mail without charge. Delivery is estimated at six to ten weeks.[91] Currently, only Ubuntu, Kubuntu, and Edubuntu are offered for free via ShipIt. Other variants, including the popular Xubuntu are not available through this service.[91]

All Ubuntu releases have been available via ShipIt, though Ubuntu 6.10 was initially unavailable. This release had less development time due to it being released immediately after an LTS release (6.06), so 6.06 was offered in its place in the beginning. But later, users ordering 6.06 cds from ShipIt were actually receiving 6.10.[92] ShipIt offers only the most recent version of Ubuntu through this service (and not past versions) therefore currently, the latest version 8.04 of Ubuntu is available.

Variants

File:Xubuntu 8.04.png
Xubuntu 8.04 default desktop.

There are several variants besides Ubuntu, both official and unofficial. Of the official variants, Kubuntu[93] and Edubuntu[94] are also available free of charge via mail order through Ubuntu's ShipIt service, but Xubuntu is not available.[95] These Ubuntu variants simply install a set of packages different from the original Ubuntu, but since they draw additional packages and updates from the same repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same software is available for each of them. These different versions correspond to development efforts run by largely separate groups of people who try to bring different functionalities to the distribution. The official sister distributions are:[96]

Unofficial variants and derivatives are not controlled or guided by Canonical and are generally forks with different goals in mind.

See also: List of Ubuntu-based distributions

System requirements

The Intel x86 and AMD64 architectures are supported in the Desktop release, as well as in the Server release, which adds support for SPARC architectures.[99][100] The PowerPC architecture is unofficially supported.[101]

There are unsupported ports of Ubuntu for the IA-64 (Itanium) as well as the PlayStation 3.

For older computers which do not meet the minimum recommended system requirements listed below, there is also Xubuntu, based on Xfce, which requires roughly half of the RAM and disk space.

Desktop[102] Server[102]
Processor 700 MHz x86 processor 300 MHz x86 processor
Memory 384 MB (384 MiB) of system memory (RAM) 64 MB of RAM[103]
Hard drive capacity 8 GB of disk space (although only 4 GB are required)[104] 500 MB of disk space[103]
Graphic card Graphics card capable of 1024×768 pixel resolution VGA graphics card capable of 640×480 pixel resolution

Install and Live CDs

For the Desktop release, there are two different types of install CDs offered:[105]

Desktop CD

The desktop CD allows a user to try Ubuntu without actually installing Ubuntu; the user may optionally install Ubuntu later. This is the recommended CD to use. At least 384 MB (384 MiB) of RAM is required to install from this CD.

Alternate Install CD

The Alternate Install CD is an alternative installation disk designed for specialist installations of Ubuntu. The Alternative installation CD provides an installer that is text-based rather than graphical and it is not a Live CD.

It provides for the following situations:

  • creating pre-configured OEM systems;
  • setting up automated deployments;
  • upgrading from older installations without network access;
  • LVM and/or RAID partitioning;
  • installing on systems with less than about 320 MB of RAM (although note that low-memory systems may not be able to run a full desktop environment reasonably).
  • installing Ubuntu from a local network or from Ubuntu mirrors.

Network Install CD

The Network Install CD installs Ubuntu over a local network or directly from an Ubuntu mirror. Installation from a mirror ensures that installed packages are up-to-date. It contains only the kernel, to start up the installation. The installation is text-based and is not recommended for beginners.[106]

Server CD

Default server screen before logging in

The server install CD is designed for installation of Ubuntu on a server. It does not install a graphical user interface.

Customized installable Live CD/DVD

Many programs exist to create a customized Live CD/DVD from an existing Ubuntu installation, such as remastersys, the Ubuntu Customization Kit, and Reconstructor.

Response

Ubuntu's popularity has climbed steadily since its 2004 release. It has been the most viewed Linux distribution on Distrowatch.com in 2005,[4] 2006,Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). In an August 2007 survey of 38,500 visitors on DesktopLinux.com, Ubuntu was the most popular distribution with 30.3 percent of respondents using it.[7] Third party sites have arisen to provide Ubuntu packages outside of the Ubuntu organization, as opposed to simply offering only .debs for Debian.[107][108][109]

Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London.[110] It has been favorably reviewed in online and print publications.[111][112][113] Ubuntu won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS.[114]

Mark Shuttleworth indicates that there were at least 8 million Ubuntu users at the end of 2006.[115] The large user-base has resulted in a large stable of non-Canonical websites. These include general help sites like Easy Ubuntu Linux,[116] dedicated weblogs (Ubuntu Gazette),[117] and niche sites within the Ubuntu Linux niche itself (Ubuntu Women).[118] The year 2007 saw the online publication of the first magazine dedicated to Ubuntu, Full Circle.[119]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The UltraSPARC and UltraSPARC T1 platforms are only supported by the Server Edition.
  2. ^ Edgy Eft (6.10) was the last version to officially support the PowerPC architecture; the PowerPC version is now community supported.
  3. ^ Frequently Asked Questions |Ubuntu
  4. ^ a b DistroWatch 2005
  5. ^ DistroWatch
  6. ^ DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD
  7. ^ a b "2007 Desktop Linux Market survey". 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-12-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ "Ubuntu's African Roots". Retrieved 2007-06-06.
  9. ^ "Edubuntu - Frequently asked questions". Retrieved 2006-07-15.
  10. ^ "Gobuntu - What is Gobuntu". Retrieved 2007-10-26.
  11. ^ Get Juiced! - The Console
  12. ^ a b Planning for Ubuntu 8.10ish - The Intrepid Ibex
  13. ^ a b "ubuntu/history "The Ubuntu Story"". Retrieved 2007-10-21. Cite error: The named reference "history" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ Time Based Releases
  15. ^ Releases
  16. ^ "ubuntu/philosophy". Retrieved 2006-04-25.
  17. ^ Anyone know what font the Ubuntu Logo uses?
  18. ^ a b c UbuntuTitle
  19. ^ a b "Ubuntu vs. Debian, reprise". 2005-04-20. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
  20. ^ "Mark Shuttleworth on binary compatibility". Retrieved 2006-04-25.
  21. ^ "GrumpyGroundhog specification". Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  22. ^ "MarkShuttleworth - Ubuntu Wiki". Retrieved 2006-07-13.
  23. ^ "Announcing Launch of ($10m) Ubuntu Foundation". 2005-07-08. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
  24. ^ "Non-Customers: People on the fringe of leaving'?".
  25. ^ "Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  26. ^ "Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys ePC".
  27. ^ "Ubuntu Customers". Retrieved 2007-05-26.
  28. ^ "System76 announces servers with Ubuntu 7.10 and Canonical support services". Retrieved 2008-03-05.
  29. ^ "Ubuntu on Dell". Retrieved 2008-02-24.
  30. ^ Dell announces Ubuntu 7.10 PCs with DVD playback (UPDATED)
  31. ^ "About Ubuntu". Retrieved 2006-04-25.
  32. ^ "RootSudo - Ubuntu Wiki". Retrieved 2006-04-25.
  33. ^ GNOME 2.22 Release Notes - Internationalization
  34. ^ "Installing Ubuntu from the Live CD". Retrieved 2006-07-08.
  35. ^ "Ubuntu 6.06 Release Notes: Hardware Requirements". Retrieved 2006-07-08.
  36. ^ "Ubuntu 6.06 LTS: Download". Retrieved 2006-07-30.
  37. ^ "Ubuntu 7.04 Adds a Migration Tool". Retrieved 2006-06-27.
  38. ^ migration-assistant in Launchpad
  39. ^ Wubi - FAQ
  40. ^ a b "ubuntu/components". Retrieved 2006-03-16. Cite error: The named reference "components" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  41. ^ "ubuntu/licensing". Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  42. ^ "UbuntuBackports". Retrieved 2006-03-16.
  43. ^ "partners/certification/software". Retrieved 2006-03-16.
  44. ^ The library is needed even when watching a DVD in the target region
  45. ^ Shuttleworth, Mark (2004-10-20). "Ubuntu 4.10 announcement". ubuntu-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite mailing list}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |mailinglist= ignored (|mailing-list= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ "WartyWarthogReleaseSchedule". 2005-07-20. Retrieved 2008-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ "Ubuntu 4.10 announcement". Retrieved 2007-04-13.
  48. ^ Zimmerman, Matt (2006-03-28). "Ubuntu 4.10 reaches end of life on 30 April 2006". ubuntu-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite mailing list}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |mailinglist= ignored (|mailing-list= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ "WartyWarthogFinalReleaseAnnouncement". 2005-07-23. Retrieved 2008-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ "HoaryReleaseSchedule". 2005-07-20. Retrieved 2008-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ "5.04 Release Notes". 2005-04-08. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
  52. ^ Armstrong, Christina (2006-10-23). "Ubuntu 5.04 reaches end-of-life on 31 October 2006". ubuntu-security-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite mailing list}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |mailinglist= ignored (|mailing-list= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ Upgrading your existing Ubuntu installation | Ubuntu
  54. ^ "DraftHoaryReleaseAnnouncement". 2005-07-31. Retrieved 2008-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ^ "Ubuntu 5.10 announcement". Retrieved 2006-10-11.
  56. ^ "Ubuntu 5.10 release notes". Retrieved 2006-12-21.
  57. ^ Heen, Tollef Fog (2007-03-14). "Ubuntu 5.10 reaches end-of-life on [[April 13]] [[2007]]". ubuntu-security-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite mailing list}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help); Unknown parameter |mailinglist= ignored (|mailing-list= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ "BreezyReleaseNotes". 2005-07-31. Retrieved 2008-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  59. ^ "Ubuntu 6.06 LTS announcement". Retrieved 2006-12-21.
  60. ^ "Ubuntu 6.06 LTS release notes". Retrieved 2006-12-21.
  61. ^ LiveCD - Community Ubuntu Documentation
  62. ^ Ubuntu -- Package Search Results
  63. ^ "DapperDrake". 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2008-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  64. ^ "Ubuntu 6.10 announcement". Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  65. ^ "Ubuntu 6.10 release notes". Retrieved 2006-12-21.
  66. ^ "End of Life announcement for Ubuntu 6.10". Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  67. ^ "EdgyReleaseNotes". 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2008-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  68. ^ "Ubuntu 7.04 announcement". Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  69. ^ "feistybeta". 2007-03-23. Retrieved 2008-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  70. ^ "GutsyReleaseSchedule - Ubuntu Wiki". Retrieved 2007-04-12.
  71. ^ "Introducing the Gutsy Gibbon". 2007-04-12. Retrieved 2007-05-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  72. ^ Gutsy Gibbon - Tribe 2 test release |Ubuntu
  73. ^ Gutsy Gibbon - Tribe 3 test release |Ubuntu
  74. ^ a b Gutsy Gibbon - Tribe 4 test release |Ubuntu
  75. ^ a b c Gutsy Gibbon - Tribe 5 test release |Ubuntu
  76. ^ "HardyReleaseSchedule". Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  77. ^ "Introducing the Hardy Heron". Retrieved 2007-08-29."Milestone ubuntu-8.04 for Ubuntu due 2008-04-24". Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  78. ^ Ubuntu Weekly Newsletter: Issue 36
  79. ^ Ubuntu's new Linux sports debugging tool
  80. ^ "Hardy Heron Artwork". Ubuntu Wiki. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
  81. ^ "Ubuntu developer summit Boston".
  82. ^ "Accepted: ubuntu-meta 1.87 (source)". Retrieved 2008-01-21.
  83. ^ "Blueprint: "Fix the Linux audio mess once and for all"". Launchpad. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  84. ^ Main Page - Rt2x00Wiki
  85. ^ https://wiki.ubuntu.com/IntrepidReleaseSchedule
  86. ^ "Milestone ubuntu-8.10 for Ubuntu due 2008-10-30". Retrieved 2008-04-28.
  87. ^ "Ubuntu theme update postponed". Retrieved 2008-03-26.
  88. ^ "Ubuntu GDM update". Retrieved 2008-04-29.
  89. ^ "Announcing Beta release of Ubuntu 6.06 LTS". Retrieved 2006-04-26.
  90. ^ "Shipit - free shipment of Ubuntu CDs". Retrieved 2006-04-26.
  91. ^ a b "ShipIt Questions". Retrieved 2007-12-11. Cite error: The named reference "shipit-faq" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  92. ^ "ShipIt Ubuntu PC CDs are now 6.10". ubuntuforums.org. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  93. ^ "Shipit - free shipment of Kubuntu CDs". Retrieved 2006-06-21.
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  95. ^ No shipit for xubuntu
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References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ubuntu Linux.

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