Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz: Difference between revisions
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In 1908, in the aftermath of the [[Young Turk Revolution]], Hussein was appointed Sharif of Mecca by the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]]. His relationship with the Ottoman government deteriorated after the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] took power, particularly because of their policies of [[Turkification]] and persecution of ethnic minorities, including Arabs. In 1916, with the promise of British support for Arab independence, although it is debated as to what extent the British were influential in his choice, he proclaimed the [[Arab Revolt]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]], accusing the Committee of Union and Progress of violating tenets of [[Islam]] and limiting the power of the sultan-caliph.<ref>{{cite web|title=Source Records of the Great War Sharif Hussein's Proclamation of Independence from Turkey, 27th June 1916|url=https://sayyidamiruddin.com/2013/08/13/sharif-husseins-proclamation-of-independence-from-turkey-27-june-1916/|website=Sayyid Ahmed Amiruddin|language=en|date=2013-08-13|access-date=2 December 2022|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009234200/https://sayyidamiruddin.com/2013/08/13/sharif-husseins-proclamation-of-independence-from-turkey-27-june-1916/}}</ref> While his armies, led by his sons, were engaged in [[Campaigns of the Arab Revolt|fighting the Ottoman and German troops in the Middle East]], Hussein supported the [[Armenians]] during the [[Armenian genocide]] and saved up to 4,000 of them. In the [[aftermath of World War I]], Hussein refused to ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]], in protest of the [[Balfour Declaration]], a document supporting the [[Israeli settlement|Jewish settlers in Palestine]], and the establishment of British and French [[League of Nations mandate|mandates]] in [[Mandatory Syria|Syria]], [[Mandatory Iraq|Iraq]], and [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. His sons [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]] and [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah]] were made rulers of Iraq and [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] respectively in 1921. |
In 1908, in the aftermath of the [[Young Turk Revolution]], Hussein was appointed Sharif of Mecca by the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]]. His relationship with the Ottoman government deteriorated after the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] took power, particularly because of their policies of [[Turkification]] and persecution of ethnic minorities, including Arabs. In 1916, with the promise of British support for Arab independence, although it is debated as to what extent the British were influential in his choice, he proclaimed the [[Arab Revolt]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]], accusing the Committee of Union and Progress of violating tenets of [[Islam]] and limiting the power of the sultan-caliph.<ref>{{cite web|title=Source Records of the Great War Sharif Hussein's Proclamation of Independence from Turkey, 27th June 1916|url=https://sayyidamiruddin.com/2013/08/13/sharif-husseins-proclamation-of-independence-from-turkey-27-june-1916/|website=Sayyid Ahmed Amiruddin|language=en|date=2013-08-13|access-date=2 December 2022|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009234200/https://sayyidamiruddin.com/2013/08/13/sharif-husseins-proclamation-of-independence-from-turkey-27-june-1916/}}</ref> While his armies, led by his sons, were engaged in [[Campaigns of the Arab Revolt|fighting the Ottoman and German troops in the Middle East]], Hussein supported the [[Armenians]] during the [[Armenian genocide]] and saved up to 4,000 of them. In the [[aftermath of World War I]], Hussein refused to ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]], in protest of the [[Balfour Declaration]], a document supporting the [[Israeli settlement|Jewish settlers in Palestine]], and the establishment of British and French [[League of Nations mandate|mandates]] in [[Mandatory Syria|Syria]], [[Mandatory Iraq|Iraq]], and [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. His sons [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]] and [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah]] were made rulers of Iraq and [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] respectively in 1921. |
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He later refused to sign the Anglo-Hashemite Treaty and thus was left in a very precarious position, the British decided progressively to stop supporting him after the proclamation of his caliphate and the refusal to sign any treaty with them. Thus, they decided to support [[Ibn Saud]], who promptly launched an invasion of the Kingdom of Hejaz. In October 1924, facing defeat by Ibn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as king by his eldest son [[Ali of Hejaz|Ali]]. After Hejaz was subsequently completely invaded by the [[House of Saud|Ibn Saud]]-[[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] armies of the [[Ikhwan]], on 23 December 1925, Hussein surrendered to the Saudis, bringing the Kingdom of Hejaz, the [[Sharifate of Mecca]] and the [[Sharifian Caliphate]] to an end.{{efn|The legitimacy of his Caliphate is disputed; however, the date of end can be assigned to his loss of the Harayman, in 1925 or to his death, in 1931. Both interpretations can be found in sources.}}<ref name="Peters 1994">{{cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdb6F1qVDhkC&pg=PA397 |title=Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |series=Princeton Legacy Library |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] and [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire]] |page=397 |oclc=468351969 |orig-date=1994}}</ref> |
He later refused to sign the Anglo-Hashemite Treaty and thus was left in a very precarious position, the British decided progressively to stop supporting him after the proclamation of his caliphate and the refusal to sign any treaty with them. Thus, they decided to support [[Ibn Saud]], who promptly launched an invasion of the Kingdom of Hejaz. In October 1924, facing defeat by Ibn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as king by his eldest son [[Ali of Hejaz|Ali]]. After Hejaz was subsequently completely invaded by the [[House of Saud|Ibn Saud]]-[[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] armies of the [[Ikhwan]], on 23 December 1925, Hussein surrendered to the Saudis, bringing the Kingdom of Hejaz, the [[Sharifate of Mecca]] and the [[Sharifian Caliphate]] to an end.{{efn|The legitimacy of his Caliphate is disputed; however, the date of end can be assigned to his loss of the Harayman, in 1925 or to his death, in 1931. Both interpretations can be found in sources.}}<ref name="Peters 1994">{{cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdb6F1qVDhkC&pg=PA397 |title=Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |series=Princeton Legacy Library |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] and [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire]] |page=397 |oclc=468351969 |orig-date=1994
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