Speech: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Human vocal communication using spoken language}}

{{About||the process of speaking to a group of people|Public speaking|other uses}}

[[File:Real-time MRI - Speaking (English).ogv|thumb|Speech production visualized by [[Real-time MRI]]]]

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[[Image:Places of articulation.svg|thumb|Places of articulation (passive and active):<br />1. Exo-labial, 2. Endo-labial, 3. Dental, 4. Alveolar, 5. Post-alveolar, 6. Pre-palatal, 7. Palatal, 8. Velar, 9. Uvular, 10. Pharyngeal, 11. Glottal, 12. Epiglottal, 13. Radical, 14. Postero-dorsal, 15. Antero-dorsal, 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18. Sub-apical]]

[[Monkey]]s, non-human [[ape]]s and humans, like many other animals, have evolved specialised mechanisms for producing ''sound'' for purposes of social communication.<ref>Kelemen, G. (1963). Comparative anatomy and performance of the vocal organ in vertebrates. In R. Busnel (ed.), ''Acoustic behavior of animals.'' Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 489–521.</ref> On the other hand, no monkey or ape uses its ''tongue'' for such purposes.<ref name="Riede 2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Riede |first1=T. |last2=Bronson |first2=E. |last3=Hatzikirou |first3=H. |last4=Zuberbühler |first4=K. |date=Jan 2005 |title=Vocal production mechanisms in a non-human primate: morphological data and a model. |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/278428/files/Riede_T.-Vocal_production_20170126133920-UY.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[J Hum Evol]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.002 |pmid=15656937 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812175036/http://doc.rero.ch/record/278428/files/Riede_T.-Vocal_production_20170126133920-UY.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-12 |access-date=2022-08-12}}</ref><ref name="Riede Bronson 2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Riede |first1=T. |last2=Bronson |first2=E. |last3=Hatzikirou |first3=H. |last4=Zuberbühler |first4=K. |date=February 2006 |title=Multiple discontinuities in nonhuman vocal tracts – A reply |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.10.005}}</ref> The human species' unprecedented use of the tongue, lips and other moveable parts seems to place speech in a quite separate category, making its evolutionary emergence an intriguing theoretical challenge in the eyes of many scholars.<ref name="Fitch 2000">{{Cite journal |last=Fitch |first=W.Tecumseh |date=July 2000 |title=The evolution of speech: a comparative review |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=258–267 |citeseerx=10.1.1.22.3754 |doi=10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01494-7 |pmid=10859570 |s2cid=14706592}}</ref>

[[Monkey]]s, non-human [[ape]]s and humans, like many other animals, have evolved specialised mechanisms for producing ''sound'' for purposes of social communication.<ref>Kelemen, G. (1963). Comparative anatomy and performance of the vocal organ in vertebrates. In R. Busnel (ed.), ''Acoustic behavior of animals.'' Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 489–521.</ref> On the other hand, no monkey or ape uses its ''tongue'' for such purposes.<ref name="Riede 2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Riede |first1=T. |last2=Bronson |first2=E. |last3=Hatzikirou |first3=H. |last4=Zuberbühler |first4=K. |date=Jan 2005 |title=Vocal production mechanisms in a non-human primate: morphological data and a model. |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/278428/files/Riede_T.-Vocal_production_20170126133920-UY.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[J Hum Evol]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.002 |pmid=15656937