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==Crust punk==
{{Main|Crust punk}} 	
Crust punk, often simply called crust, is a form of music influenced by [[anarcho-punk]], [[hardcore punk]] and [[extreme metal]].<ref name="Rise of Crust">{{cite web|last=Von Havoc |first=Felix |title=Rise of Crust |publisher=Profane Existence |date=1 January 1984 |url=http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83 |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615163312/http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83 |archive-date=15 June 2008 }}</ref> The style, which evolved in the mid-1980s in England, often has songs with dark and pessimistic lyrics that linger on political and social ills. The term "crust" was coined by [[Hellbastard]] on their 1986 ''Ripper Crust'' demo.<ref name=Glasper>Glasper 2009, 185</ref>
	
Crust is partly defined by its "bassy" and "[[Distortion (music)|dirty]]" sound. It is often played at a fast [[tempo]] with occasional slow sections. Vocals are usually guttural and may be growled or screamed. Crust punk takes cues from the [[anarcho-punk]] aspect of [[Crass]] and [[Discharge (band)|Discharge]],<ref name="Rise of Crust"/> and the extreme metal of bands like [[Venom (band)|Venom]] and [[Celtic Frost]].<ref name="Rise of Crust"/><ref name=day>Glasper 2006. "Amebix." p. 198-201.</ref> Notable crust punk bands include [[Amebix]], [[Antisect]] and [[Doom (British band)|Doom]].
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===Derivatives of crust punk===
====Blackened crust====
Crust punk groups, such as [[Amebix]], took some influence from [[Black metal#First wave|early black metal]] bands like [[Venom (band)|Venom]], [[Hellhammer]], and [[Celtic Frost]].<ref name="Rise of Crust"/> Similarly, [[Bathory (band)|Bathory]] was initially inspired by crust punk, as well as heavy metal.<ref>Ekeroth, p. 27.</ref> Crust punk was affected by a second wave of black metal in the 1990s, with some bands emphasizing these black metal elements. Iskra are probably the most obvious example of [[Black metal#Second wave|second wave black metal]]-influenced crust punk;<ref name=iskra>[http://iskra.ws/interviews.html Iskra Interviews] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615141533/http://iskra.ws/interviews.html |date=15 June 2006 }}.</ref> Iskra coined their own phrase "blackened crust" to describe their new style. The Japanese group [[Gallhammer]] also fused crust punk with black metal<ref>"Hard of Hearing", ''Terrorizer'' no. 171, June 2008, p. 56.</ref> while the English band Fukpig has been said to have elements of crust punk, black metal, and grindcore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://supersonicfestival.com/event/fukpig/|title=Fukpig – Supersonic Festival|website=Supersonicfestival.com|access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref>"C: Do you think that FUKPIG has founded a style of his own? Misery: Nah its just d-beat crust, with added horror C: and then What difference to FUKPIG from the rest of the bands? Misery: We add more black metal / horror influences, but are still inspired by the same things C: Is Necro-Punk your style? Misery: Yeah, necro in the black metal style playing crust punk, so yeah Necro Punk." [http://www.clandestinemetalzine.cl/interviews/interview_fukpig.html Interview: Fukpig] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110010121/http://www.clandestinemetalzine.cl/interviews/interview_fukpig.html |date=10 November 2013 }}</ref> In addition, Norwegian band [[Darkthrone]] have incorporated crust punk traits in their more recent material. As Daniel Ekeroth wrote in 2008:
{{quote|In a very ironic paradox, black metal and crust punk have recently started to embrace one another. Members of Darkthrone and Satyricon have lately claimed that they love punk, while among crusties, black metal is the latest fashion. In fact, the latest album by crust punk band [[Skitsystem]] sounds very black metal—while the latest black metal opus by Darkthrone sounds very punk! This would have been unimaginable in the early 90s.|<ref name=Ekeroth258>Ekeroth, p. 258.</ref>}}